5. What thermal management systems are used? (Air/liquid cooling) and why?  

We use liquid cooling for utility-scale projects (>2MWh) and high-density C&I cabinets. Benefits include:

•  ±1°C cell temperature uniformity  

•  40% lower degradation vs. air cooling  

•  25% smaller footprint

For smaller C&I units (<500kWh), we offer forced-air cooling with IP55-rated enclosures for cost-effective deployment.